If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the Reset Password button. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your password
If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your password
Division of Hematology, First Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 13 Ifjúság Str., 7624-H, Pécs, HungaryInstitute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti Str., 7624-H, Pécs, Hungary
9 Author Responsible for Statistical Analysis: Nelli Farkas
Affiliations
Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti Str., 7624-H, Pécs, HungaryInstitute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti Str., 7624-H, Pécs, Hungary
Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti Str., 7624-H, Pécs, HungaryDoctoral School of Clinical Medicine, University of Szeged, 8-10 Korányi Fasor, 6720-H, Szeged, Hungary
B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are significant contributors to cancer-related mortality. In this single-arm, retrospective cohort study, we aimed to examine the outcomes of a radioimmunotherapeutic modality, 90Y-labelled ibritumomab tiuxetan (90YIT) in B-cell NHLs.
Methods
We conducted this study based on the data of the lymphoma registry of the “Anonymized for Review”. All NHL patients subjected to 90YIT were eligible for inclusion. As the country lacked a national autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) center, many ASCT-eligible patients received 90YIT. We investigated overall (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) and safety outcomes.
Results
Between 2004 and 2008, 54 of 111 B-cell NHL patients received RIT. The therapy was applied as first-line treatment in 18 cases (33.3%) and as second- or later-line treatment in 36 cases (66.7%). All patients were evaluable for response (Table 1, Supplementary Table 1). In the first-line group consisting mainly follicular lymphoma cases, three of 18 cases died (16.7%) during follow-up (range: 22-67 months); median OS was not reached. No progression occurred after treatment (median EFS: 36.5 months [Q1-Q3: 30.5-44 months]). In the second- or later-line group consisting mainly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cases, three of 36 cases died (8.3%) during follow-up (range: 4-68 months), median OS was not reached. One case of progression was registered (median EFS: 33 months [Q1-Q3: 30.5-44 months]). 90YIT had an acceptable short- and long-term safety profile.
Conclusion
The findings implicate that NHL patients may benefit from 90YIT as salvage treatment if ASCT is not available; however, this should be validated in randomized studies.
INTRODUCTION
Lymphoma encompasses an array of heterogeneous neoplasms that originate in lymphoid tissues but may arise in almost any tissue. The 2016 classification of the World Health Organization distinguishes, among others, mature B-cell neoplasms 1, which account for the vast majority of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) 2. Based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER), NHLs' age-adjusted incidence was 18.6/100,000 persons with a death rate of 5.3/100,000 persons in the United States in 2017, and NHLs are estimated to be responsible for 4.3% of all cancer cases and 3.3% of cancer-related deaths by 2020. Although 5-year survival has prolonged to 72.7% (2010–2016), one-third of the patients are diagnosed in an advanced stage 3.
Among NHLs, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) are the two most common subtypes, representing about 30 and 20% of the cases, respectively 2. In the native Arab population, “Anonymized for Review”, 59 and 7% of the cases had DLBCL and FL, respectively 4. DLBCL has an expected 5-year survival of 63.8%, whereas that of FL is 89.0% in the United States 3.
In B-cell NHLs, conventional chemotherapy combined with rituximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20 molecules on the cell surface, radiation therapy, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), and other target therapies offer a wide range of therapeutic options 2,5. Despite the inherent sensitivity of most NHLs to initial chemo-immunotherapy, a high percentage of cases eventually relapse, and patients die of their disease 6. In many cases, radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a promising therapeutic option. The most commonly used 90Y-labelled ibritumomab tiuxetan (90YIT) consists of an anti-CD20 murine monoclonal antibody conjugated with a radioactive isotope (90yttrium) purely emitting beta particle (2.293 MeV, 2.6 days isotope half-life). The molecule specifically binds to CD20 positive cells, expressed in 98–99% of B-cell NHLs 7, minimizing the drug's uptake on normal tissues 8.
In 2002, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) was released, in which 90YIT proved to be superior over rituximab regarding overall response rate and complete response in relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or transformed CD20 positive NHLs 9. That year, 90YIT became the first RIT modality approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US 10. According to the drug label, 90YIT is indicated (1) 'for the treatment of relapsed or refractory, low-grade or follicular B-cell NHLs'; and (2) 'for the treatment of previously untreated follicular NHL in patients who achieve a partial or complete response to first-line chemotherapy.' 11. Since then, RCTs proved that 90YIT is effective as consolidation after induction of remission 12,13 and as pre-treatment before ASCT in NHLs 14. The current guidelines of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) do not mention RIT as a therapeutic option regarding DLBCL 15 and MZL 16, and do not recommend RIT as stand-alone therapy for induction (III, B) but propose it as a potential therapeutic option in patients after multiple relapses in the elderly (>65 years) in MCL 17. In FL, ESMO preserves RIT mainly for selected, advanced (stage III-IV) cases. As a first-line therapy, RIT can be given for induction in low-risk FL if conventional chemotherapy is contraindicated (III, C), and may be considered for consolidation as an alternative for rituximab (II, B). In relapsing/progressing FL, RIT may be an option for those patients with comorbidities not eligible for chemotherapy (IV, B) 20.
In this study, we aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of 90YIT in a unique hospital setting in “Anonymized for Review”, where the indication of RIT was far broader than that approved by the FDA or the ESMO guidelines.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (last amended in Fortaleza, Brazil, 2013).
Study design and data sources
This study is a single-arm, retrospective cohort study collecting data about consecutive patients referred from the regional hospitals to the “Anonymized for Review”. Patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2008 were identified based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10 codes from the “Anonymized for Review”.
Population and exposure
All patients with CD20 positive, B-cell NHLs were screened to identify those who received 90YIT. In all cases, the diagnoses were made based on histopathology from a lymph node or other tissue biopsy samples. All the histological samples were reported by two hematopathologists (co-signed), and all diagnoses were based on the third (2001) and fourth (2008) editions of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues 21,22. Staging was performed as per the Ann-Arbor classification 23.
The indications of 90YIT were far broader than those approved by the FDA because the country lacks a national center for ASCT (available only at remote centers). At the same time, most of our patients were expatriates with difficult financial conditions. Considering the facts mentioned above, the “Anonymized for Review” received full support from the “Anonymized for Review”, by which all the expenses of 90YIT were generously sponsored. RIT-eligible patients included (1) patients with early-stage (I-II), non-bulky indolent B-cell NHL in whom limited field radiation therapy or rituximab monotherapy was planned (most of these patients refused to receive external beam radiation therapy); (2) patients who had relapsed FL after rituximab-containing systemic chemo-immunotherapy or had a transformation from FL to an aggressive B-cell NHL (with non-bulky disease and absence of significant bone marrow involvement); and (3) patients with primary DLBCL who relapsed after induction treatment with rituximab-based chemo-immunotherapy and those whose disease relapsed in extranodal sites with less than 25% involvement of bone marrow.
Assessment of remission status before treatments was based on the Cheson (1999) 24 and the revised Cheson criteria (2007) 25.
90YIT-treated patients were first preloaded with unlabeled rituximab as an infusion of 250 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8. Then, on day 8, a therapeutic dose (14.8 MBq/kg, 45 patients) or a reduced dose (11.1 MBq/kg, nine patients, because of advanced age, hypocellular bone marrow, more than three lines of previous chemotherapy, and poor performance status) of 90YIT was administered as an intravenous push over 10 minutes. The dose was given at least 4 weeks after the last treatment taken by each patient.
Outcomes
We analyzed overall survival (OS, calculated from the time of diagnosis) and event-free survival (EFS, calculated from the time of 90YIT treatment). Response to treatment was assessed according to the Cheson criteria (2007) 25 and determined based on all available clinical (physical examination, vital signs, laboratory tests, quality of life assessment, and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] score) and radiology follow-ups. The evaluation of 90YIT's efficacy was done by computed tomography scan every 3 months for the first 2 years, then every 6 months till present, unless there was clinical indication for earlier imaging study. Ancillary imaging (magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography) was performed based on clinical indication. Re-biopsy was performed in all cases of relapse or progression. Safety outcomes included hematological toxicity and secondary neoplasms.
Patients were followed up regularly in the outpatient clinic while they were residing in UEA or, if they returned to their home countries, they were contacted by email or phone.
Statistical analysis
We calculated proportions (given in % of total) for categorical variables and central tendencies with the measure of dispersion (median with 25–75% quartiles [Q1–Q3]) after the assessment of the distribution with Q–Q plots, for continuous variables. We constructed a Kaplan-Meier curve for OS of patients receiving RIT in second or later lines. All calculations were carried out with R statistical language (version 4.1.1), the ‘survminer’ and ‘survival’ packages were used to generate the Kaplan-Meier curve.
RESULTS
Characteristics of the patients included
A total of 111 NHL patients were identified, of which 54 (48.6%) received 90YIT. Of these cases, 18 (33.3%) received RIT as first-line, whereas the other 36 (66.7%) patients received RIT as second- or later-line therapy. Characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1. In the 90YIT group, 27 patients (50.0%) had stage IV disease, only 4 with stage I; 10 and 13 patients were classified as stages II and III, respectively. The average number of previous treatment regimens before RIT was 3 (range of 1 to 5). After induction, 24 cases (44.4%) were in complete remission; the rest were in partial remission.
Table 1Characteristics of patients received 90Y-labelled ibritumomab tiuxetan treatment
All patients were evaluable for response (Table 1, Supplementary Table 1).
In patients received RIT as first-line therapy, the length of follow-up ranged between 22 and 67 months from diagnosis. Altogether, three of 18 cases died (16.7%); median OS was not reached. No progression occurred after RIT treatment during follow-up (median EFS: 36.5 months [Q1-Q3: 30.5–44 months]).
In patients received RIT as second- or later-line therapy, the length of follow-up ranged between 4 and 68 months from diagnosis. Altogether, three of 36 cases died (8.3%); median OS was not reached (Figure 1). One case did not respond to treatment at all and died seven days after; there was no case of progression otherwise (median EFS: 33 months [Q1-Q3: 30.5-44 months]).
Fig 1Overall survival of relapsing patients treated with 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan.
Grade 3–4 hematologic toxicities occurred in seven patients (13.0% of total, all following 14.8 MBq/kg dose of 90YIT); all were reversible with supportive therapies. Six patients (11.1% of total) had prolonged severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <10 G/L). These patients received 1–5 sessions of platelet transfusions with an average of 2 units of pooled platelet transfusion per session. None of these cases had clinically significant bleeding. Two out of these seven cases also received packed red blood cell transfusion on one single occasion. One serious adverse event occurred: a patient developed febrile neutropenia. We did not identify any secondary neoplasms or transformation to aggressive disease in our cohort of patients, except for one DLBCL case developing acute myeloid leukemia, which resulted in a fatal outcome 22 months after 90YIT treatment.
DISCUSSION
This study aimed to examine B-cell NHL patients' outcomes, who were treated with 90YIT. The unique setting of our study is ensured by the facts (1) that ASCT was not available in our center, (2) that many patients did not afford to move to remote centers for ASCT treatment, (3) that 90YIT-eligible patients were offered to receive the treatment in the first line, and (4) that 90YIT was well-funded, so that is available for all eligible patients. Consequently, the indication of 90YIT was far broader than that described in the drug's labels and extended the application of this treatment modality beyond the guidelines. In our study population comprising indolent and aggressive B-cell NHL cases, patients treated with 90YIT showed good EFS both in first and later lines, while the safety profile of the therapy was acceptable.
The efficacy of radioimmunotherapy was investigated by many studies in the rituximab era 26. 90YIT, as first-line monotherapy, was proven effective in a phase II trial in FL (overall response rate was 87%; in patients aged >50 years with stage II–IV disease) 27 as well as in bulky, advanced FL 28. According to recent, long-term follow-up data from the international RIT Network, patients receiving 90YIT in first line had a higher 8-year OS and PFS compared to those treated with the drug after relapse (78.1 vs. 54.5% and 53.6 vs. 29.6%, respectively) 29. In refractory or relapsing FL cases, 90YIT proved to be effective on the long-term (≥5 years of follow-up with mean estimated OS of 82.3 months), with acceptable health-related quality of life 30. In our study, the length of follow-up was a median 3 years for the 90YIT group (median OS and PFS were not being reached) but no FL cases treated with 90YIT relapsed during follow-up. With this regard, PFS may be more informative about the efficacy of the treatment than OS due to the crossover and sequential treatments after relapse 31. Our results on efficacy of treatment are comparable to that observed in the literature. Note that we did not use the treatment in bulky cases (as per the drug's label), and most patients refused to receive external beam radiotherapy. Besides, the proportion of patients receiving 90YIT in first-line (33%) was higher than that observed in the literature (19%) 29, which is probably the consequence of our unique setting (easy-to-access RIT vs. difficult-to-access ASCT, Fig. 1).
In DLBCL, 90YIT proved to be effective as first-line treatment, following R-CHOP, in patients >60 years of age (estimated 2-year PFS was 75%) 32, in high-risk elderly patients on the short-term (estimated 2-year PFS was 85%) 33 as well as on the long-term (estimated 7-year PFS and OS were 36.1 and 38.9%, respectively) 34. These studies included exclusively (or dominantly) ASCT-ineligible DLBCL cases. In our study involving patients treated with 90YIT both in the first and later lines, OS and EFS were comparable to that reported in the literature.
While being effective, 90YIT treatment has an acceptable short-term safety profile 35. The most informative controlled study is a phase III RCT comparing 90YIT to no treatment as consolidation therapy in 409 FL cases. In this study, grade 3 or 4 non-hematological toxicities affected only 5.4% of the treated cases (of which infections accounted for 1%), compared to 5.9% in the no-treatment arm 13. In general, thrombocytopenia (<25–50 G/L) is expected to develop 4–6 weeks after treatment, whereas less apparent decline in hemoglobin level (15–25% compared to baseline) is expected a few weeks later 27,32,33. Another minor concern is the deteriorating quality of life with 90YIT 30; however, in a study, the treated elderly NHL patients (in an FL-dominant population) scored similarly for global health and social functioning compared to that in the healthy population 36. Long-term follow-up data of 90YIT-treated cases are scarce. In the report of the RIT Network (285 FL cases), secondary neoplasms developed in 12.5% (22 solid and 13 hematological neoplasms, most commonly acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome), and histological transformation occurred in 5.7% of the cases with a median follow-up of 8.2 years 29. In our study, the treatment's short-term safety profile was similar to that reported earlier: 13.0% of the cases developed grade 3 or 4 hematological toxicity, of which none urged therapy cessation. Although we had one case of acute myeloid leukemia, the follow-up length does not allow us to draw firm conclusions about long-term safety (the carcinogenic effects of radiation may manifest 5–10 years later than the exposure).
Our study has several strengths and limitations. The main strength of our study is its unique setting: many ASCT-eligible patients were treated with 90YIT due to the unavailability and unaffordability of ASCT. Our study's major limitation is the single-arm design and the retrospective nature, with their inherent limitations (vulnerability to selection and information bias). Besides, the median length of follow-up was shorter than that required to analyze the treatment's long-term safety. Finally, we did not investigate cost-effectiveness of 90YIT 37.
CONCLUSION
Our results imply that B-cell NHL patients treated with 90YIT experience OS and EFS, while the safety profile of RIT is acceptable. Based on these, B-cell NHL patients, particularly those with DLBCL, may benefit from 90YIT as adjunctive therapy if ASCT is not available. However, due to our study's limitations, these findings should be used for hypothesis-generating purpose for RCTs validating the associations.
AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS
“Anonymized for Review”
ETHICS APPROVAL
This study was approved by “Anonymized for Review”; the need for written informed consent was waived.
References
1. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. 2016;127(20):2375-2390. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-01-643569
3. Cummins KD, Gill S. Anti-CD123 chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CART): an evolving treatment strategy for hematological malignancies, and a potential ace-in-the-hole against antigen-negative relapse. Review. Leukemia and Lymphoma. 2018;59(7):1539-1553. doi:10.1080/10428194.2017.1375107
4. Castella A, Joshi S, Raaschou T, Mason N. Pattern of malignant lymphoma in the United Arab Emirates–a histopathologic and immunologic study in 208 native patients. Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2001;40(5):660-4. doi:10.1080/028418601750444231
5. Cerny T, Borisch B, Introna M, Johnson P, Rose AL. Mechanism of action of rituximab. Anti-cancer drugs. Nov 2002;13 Suppl 2:S3-10. doi:10.1097/00001813-200211002-00002
6. Ansell SM. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Diagnosis and Treatment. Mayo Clinic proceedings. Aug 2015;90(8):1152-63. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.04.025
7. Katchi T, Liu D. Diagnosis and treatment of CD20 negative B cell lymphomas. Biomark Res. 2017;5:5-5. doi:10.1186/s40364-017-0088-5
8. Illidge TM. Radioimmunotherapy of Lymphoma: A Treatment Approach Ahead of Its Time or Past Its Sell-By Date? 2010;28(18):2944-2946. doi:10.1200/jco.2009.26.8748
9. Witzig TE, Gordon LI, Cabanillas F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of yttrium-90-labeled ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy versus rituximab immunotherapy for patients with relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or transformed B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. May 15 2002;20(10):2453-63. doi:10.1200/jco.2002.11.076
10. Grillo-López AJ. Zevalin: the first radioimmunotherapy approved for the treatment of lymphoma. Expert review of anticancer therapy. Oct 2002;2(5):485-93. doi:10.1586/14737140.2.5.485
11. Werner Sunderland M, Peggs KS. Successful translation and future prospects of TALEN editing for leukemia patients. Editorial. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2018;18(7):725-726. doi:10.1080/14712598.2018.1484105
12. Morschhauser F, Radford J, Van Hoof A, et al. 90Yttrium-ibritumomab tiuxetan consolidation of first remission in advanced-stage follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma: updated results after a median follow-up of 7.3 years from the International, Randomized, Phase III First-LineIndolent trial. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Jun 1 2013;31(16):1977-83. doi:10.1200/jco.2012.45.6400
13. Morschhauser F, Radford J, Van Hoof A, et al. Phase III trial of consolidation therapy with yttrium-90-ibritumomab tiuxetan compared with no additional therapy after first remission in advanced follicular lymphoma. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Nov 10 2008;26(32):5156-64. doi:10.1200/jco.2008.17.2015
14. Shimoni A, Avivi I, Rowe JM, et al. A randomized study comparing yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin) and high-dose BEAM chemotherapy versus BEAM alone as the conditioning regimen before autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with aggressive lymphoma. Cancer. Oct 1 2012;118(19):4706-14. doi:10.1002/cncr.27418
15. Tilly H, Gomes da Silva M, Vitolo U, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. 2015;26(suppl_5):v116-v125.
16. Zucca E, Arcaini L, Buske C, et al. Marginal zone lymphomas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up✰. 2020;31(1):17-29.
17. Dreyling M, Campo E, Hermine O, et al. Newly diagnosed and relapsed mantle cell lymphoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology. Jul 1 2017;28(suppl_4):iv62-iv71. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx223
18. Dreyling M, Geisler C, Hermine O, et al. Newly diagnosed and relapsed mantle cell lymphoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. 2014;25(suppl_3):iii83-iii92.
19. Dreyling M, Ghielmini M, Marcus R, Salles G, Vitolo U, oncology EGWGJAo. Newly diagnosed and relapsed follicular lymphoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. 2011;22(suppl_6):vi59-vi63.
20. Dreyling M, Ghielmini M, Rule S, et al. Newly diagnosed and relapsed follicular lymphoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology. Mar 2021;32(3):298-308. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.11.008
21. Jaffe E. World Health Organization Classification of tumours: Pathology & genetics: Tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. IARC Press; 2001.
22. Swerdlow SH. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 2008;22008:439.
23. Rosenberg SA, Boiron M, DeVita VT, Jr., et al. Report of the Committee on Hodgkin's Disease Staging Procedures. Cancer research. Nov 1971;31(11):1862-3.
24. Cheson BD, Horning SJ, Coiffier B, et al. Report of an international workshop to standardize response criteria for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. NCI Sponsored International Working Group. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Apr 1999;17(4):1244. doi:10.1200/jco.1999.17.4.1244
25. Cheson BD, Pfistner B, Juweid ME, et al. Revised response criteria for malignant lymphoma. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Feb 10 2007;25(5):579-86. doi:10.1200/jco.2006.09.2403
26. Shimoni A, Zwas ST. Radioimmunotherapy and Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Seminars in nuclear medicine. Mar 2016;46(2):119-25. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2015.10.009
27. Scholz CW, Pinto A, Linkesch W, et al. (90)Yttrium-ibritumomab-tiuxetan as first-line treatment for follicular lymphoma: 30 months of follow-up data from an international multicenter phase II clinical trial. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Jan 20 2013;31(3):308-13. doi:10.1200/jco.2011.41.1553
28. Ibatici A, Pica GM, Nati S, et al. Safety and efficacy of (90) yttrium-ibritumomab-tiuxetan for untreated follicular lymphoma patients. An Italian cooperative study. British journal of haematology. Mar 2014;164(5):710-6. doi:10.1111/bjh.12695
29. Hohloch K, Windemuth-Kieselbach C, Kolz J, et al. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) for Follicular Lymphoma achieves long term lymphoma control in first line and at relapse: 8-year follow-up data of 281 patients from the international RIT-registry. British journal of haematology. Mar 2019;184(6):949-956. doi:10.1111/bjh.15712
30. Andrade-Campos MM, Montes-Limón AE, Soro-Alcubierre G, et al. Long-term efficacy of (90)Y ibritumomab tiuxetan therapy in follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma and health-related quality of life. Annals of hematology. Dec 2014;93(12):1985-92. doi:10.1007/s00277-014-2145-6
31. Clinical Trial Endpoints for the Approval of Cancer Drugs and Biologics, Guidance for Industry U.S. Food and Drug Administration Accessed 22 Jan, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/media/71195/download
32. Zinzani PL, Tani M, Fanti S, et al. A phase II trial of CHOP chemotherapy followed by yttrium 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin) for previously untreated elderly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients. Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology. Apr 2008;19(4):769-73. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdm560
33. Zinzani PL, Rossi G, Franceschetti S, et al. Phase II trial of short-course R-CHOP followed by 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan in previously untreated high-risk elderly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients. Clinical cancer research: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. Aug 1 2010;16(15):3998-4004. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-10-0162
34. Stefoni V, Casadei B, Bottelli C, et al. Short-course R-CHOP followed by (90)Y-Ibritumomab tiuxetan in previously untreated high-risk elderly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients: 7-year long-term results. Blood cancer journal. May 13 2016;6(5):e425. doi:10.1038/bcj.2016.29
35. Knox SJ, Goris ML, Trisler K, et al. Yttrium-90-labeled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy of recurrent B-cell lymphoma. Clinical cancer research: an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. Mar 1996;2(3):457-70.
36. Andrade-Campos MM, Montes-Limón AE, Soro-Alcubierre G, et al. Patients Older Than 65 Years With Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Are Suitable for Treatment With (90)Yttrium-Ibritumumab Tiuxetan: A Single-Institution Experience. Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia. Aug 2015;15(8):464-71. doi:10.1016/j.clml.2015.02.025
37. Chen Q, Ayer T, Nastoupil LJ, Rose AC, Flowers CR. Comparing the cost-effectiveness of rituximab maintenance and radioimmunotherapy consolidation versus observation following first-line therapy in patients with follicular lymphoma. Value in health: the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. Mar 2015;18(2):189-97. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2014.12.017
Data Availability Statement: All data are available within the supplementary material.
Acknowledgement: Khaled Qawasmeh of the Department of Nursing, Tawam Hospital—Johns Hopkins Medicine Affiliate, is acknowledged for his technical help with data collection.
00240-2&id=gr1.jpg){kind=link}